Showing posts with label Research. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Research. Show all posts

Feb 4, 2008

Test Widal udah ga Spesific lagi??

at 1:26 PM 1 comments
Tes widal merupakan pemeriksaan serologis dalam penegakan diagnosis demam tifoid. Berdasarkan banyak penelitian, tes widal ini mengalami penurunan spesifisitas. Dan saat ini telah banyak dikembangkan pemeriksaan serologis yang mampu menggantikan widal, ex. TUBEX®, Typhidot®.


Kenapa tes widal mengalami penurunan spesifisitas?
simplenya, alat dikatakan spesifik jika mampu mendiagnosis tidak sakit, jika orang tersebut memang tidak sakit.. nah.. tes widal itu sekarang dikatakan tidak spesifik karena orang yang tidak sakit tifoid (cuma demam biasa atau demam karena penyakit lain) malah dibilang sakit.

ko' bisa???
konsep dari tes widal itu sendiri adalah melihat banyaknya antibodi (komponen tubuh yang muncul karena ada infeksi kuman) terhadap kuman salmonella typhi (kuman penyebab demam tifoid). Permasalahannya antibodi didalam tubuh itu berbagai macam, ada IgG dan IgM (dan ada beberapa lagi).
IgM terhadap kuman tertentu itu muncul kalo kita terinfeksi kuman (infeksi akut), namun IgG itu ada terus (kemungkinan seumur hidup). Kalau dahulu kita pernah terinfeksi tifoid, kemungkinan IgG terhadap kuman typhi akan terus ada.
Nah, tes widal itu mendeteksi antibodi keduanya, jadi klo dulu kita pernah terinfeksi tifoid trus melakukan tes widal, kemungkinannya kita bakal terdiagnosis demam tifoid.. secara kita tinggal di daerah endemis demam tifoid.

nah, berarti kita perlu memperhatikan masalah cut off pointnya.. kyanya si titer antibodinya musti dinaikin nih, supaya ga overdiagnosis demam tifoid, trus dikit2 dikasih antibiotik (bahaya kan)

sekarang2 ini banyak dikembangkan pemeriksaan serologis untuk demam tifoid yang lebih sensitif dan spesifik!!! kya TUBEX®, Typhidot dll.(tapi mahal!!!). Di Indonesia sendiri (kyanya) belum memproduksi metode serologis untuk menggantikan widal, padahal Indonesia kan endemis demam tifoid.

ya kita tunggu aja, semoga di Indonesia ada pemeriksaan serologis yang lebih baik dari widal yang sensitif dan spesifik trus murah (generik gitu).. jangan import mulu!!!

references:
1. Kawano, R.L., Leano S.A., Agdamag D.M.A. Comparison of Serological Test Kits for Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in the Philippines. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45: 246-247.

2.
WHO. The Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Typhoid Fever. Departemen Vaccines and Biological and Departement of Communicable Disease of Surveillance and Response; 2003.

3. Bhutta, Z.A. Current Consepts in Diagnosis and Treatment of Typhoid Fever. BMJ. 2006; 33: 78-82.

Feb 2, 2008

ASI dan faktor resiko penyakit jantung koroner

at 4:13 PM 0 comments

INFLUENCE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS

Agung Sari Wijayanti, Prasetyo Tri Kuncoro, Dedi Pujo Purnomo

ABSTRAK

Breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life for healthy term infants, as breast milk is the best food for optimal growth. There is increased interest in the association between breastfeeding and chronic disease especially the risk of coronary heart disease in later life. The risk of coronary heart disease consist of many factor such as physical activities, obesity, lipid profile, diabetes melitus and high blood pressure. Breastfeeding is known to have nutritions that influence those risk of coronary heart disease in later life. The authors conducted review of published studies which determine the influence of breastfeeding on coronary heart disease risks. The risk factors of Coronary Heart Disease included in this literature review are obesity, diabetes melitus, hyperlipidemia, high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. The Stanford University Libraries datebase from 2000-2008 for the relevant references of selected articles were searched. Search terms included exclusive breastfeeding, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, blood pressure, human milk, atherosclerosis and lipid profile. The search was restricted to english language and human subject. The criteria for selecting article restricted to any kind of article that is research article, systematic review or meta-analysis, neither abstrack nor full text which determine the influence of breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding or compare the effect of exclusive breastfeeding with mixfed breastfeeding on Coronary Heart Disease. Twelve article were selected based on search. This literature review conclude that breastfeeding takes effect to the risk factors of Coronary Heart Disease and has nutrition that influence those risks.


Keyword : breastfeeding, risk factor, coronary heart disease

 

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